Progress and prospect of hot dry rock exploration and development
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摘要: 清洁能源开发利用是当前全球可持续发展共同关注的资源环境问题。干热岩（hot dry rock，HDR）指埋藏于地球深部，内部不存在或仅存在少量流体，温度高于180 °C的异常高温岩体，作为未来人类可持续利用的重要战略可接替清洁能源，其开发利用备受关注。文章旨在梳理总结国内外典型干热岩勘查与开发利用进展的基础上，对干热岩资源研究方向提供几点思考，希望对我国未来干热岩勘查与开发工作起到有益参考借鉴作用。自20世纪70年代提出干热岩概念以来，世界各国开展了多处勘查开发工程探索，在取得大量理论技术突破的同时，也存在不少失败的案例。虽然全球投入建设的干热岩开发工程数量总体上不断增加，为干热岩勘查开发积累了宝贵经验，但是迄今为止尚未建造有商业规模的储层，由于缺乏持续经费支持、水力压裂诱发微地震等问题，多数被迫终止。目前来看，全球干热岩开发正逐渐进入新的探索阶段，欧美各国纷纷加强相关基础理论和技术攻关。我国近年来在干热岩资源调查评价和勘查开发取得了重要阶段性成果，编制了中国大地热流值、居里面深度、控热构造等系列基础图件，初步估算了我国陆域干热岩资源潜力，并在青海共和、福建漳州、广东惠州、河北马头营、山西大同、江苏兴化等地区相继开展了干热岩勘查开发探索。其中，青海共和盆地恰卜恰地区在4 000 m深探获超过200 °C的高温干热岩体。2019年在青海共和启动我国首个干热岩勘查试采示范工程建设，2020年完成干热岩储层规模化建造，有效改造体积超千万立方米，并于2021年实现试验性发电并网，在干热岩深部探测、高温硬岩钻探、规模化储层建造、循环连通、有机朗肯循环发电等方面取得了系列基础成果，推动了我国干热岩在勘查开发方面的实质性进展。总体来看，全球干热岩勘查开发取得了长足进展，实践证明干热岩资源是一种十分有发展前途的绿色能源，未来有望成为全球源源不竭的能源支撑。然而，干热岩现有开发利用路径及其配套技术、装备与商业化开发预期相比还存在较大差距。我国干热岩资源开发尽管实现了从“0”到“1”的突破，但距离国际水平还有较长的路要走，仍需要在高温硬岩钻完井、深部储层精细刻画、安全规模化储层建造、高效换热取热等方面推动颠覆性技术创新，破解规模化、经济性开发难题。Abstract: The exploitation and utilization of clean energy is a resource and environmental issue of common concern for global sustainable development. As a vital strategic and sustainable future energy, hot dry rock (HDR) has attracted more and more attention. In this paper some thoughts on the future research direction of HDR resources in China are provided based on worldwide experience summary, hoping to provide a useful reference for the future exploration and engineering development of HDR. Since the concept of HDR was put forward in the 1970s, the number of HDR constructed worldwide has been increasingly growing. Although a lot of theoretical and technical breakthroughs have been made, only a small fraction of projects still in operation due to the lack of sustained financial support, induced microearthquakes and other issues. At present, the global development of HDR is gradually entering a new stage of exploration, and the basic theories of HDR to tackle the key problems are strengthening around the world. Since 2012, the China Geological Survey has organized and implemented the nationwide terrestrial HDR resources survey, evaluation, exploration, and development, and significant stage progress has been achieved. A series of fundamental maps have been compiled, such as terrestrial heat flow value, curie surface depth, distribution of acidic rock, and heat-controlling structure in China. The resource potential of terrestrial HDR in China has been preliminarily estimated and provided a sounding basis for the target site selection. HDR exploration and evaluation have been carried out in typical areas of Qinghai, Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, and Jiangsu provinces, and a breakthrough has been achieved in the Gonghe Basin of Qinghai. The first HDR resources exploration and production demonstration project in China was carried out in 2019, which made a series of meaningful outcomes in deep HDR exploration, high-temperature hard rock drilling, large-scale reservoir stimulation, reservoir connectivity and flow circulation, organic Rankine cycle (ORC) power generation, etc. The large-scale reservoir stimulation was carried out in 2020, and the first power generation test was completed in 2021. In general, the global exploration and development of HDR has made great progress. Practice has proved that HDR resources are a promising green energy and are expected to become an inexhaustible energy support for the world in the future. However, there is still a large gap between the existing path of HDR development and utilization and the economics of its supporting technologies compared with commercial development expectations at present. Although the development of HDR resources in China has achieved a breakthrough from "0" to "1", there is still a long way to go from the international level. In order to solve the problems of large-scale and economic development, there is still need to promote disruptive technological innovation in high temperature hard rock drilling and completion, fine characterization of deep reservoirs, safe large-scale reservoir construction, efficient heat transfer and heat recovery and other aspects.
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Key words:
- hot dry rock /
- exploration and development /
- progress /
- prospects
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