保定平原地下水均衡要素变化解析

井江楠; 王文科; 段磊; 马嘉骏; 马稚桐; 石涵月

doi:10.16030/j.cnki.issn.1000-3665.202208083

保定平原地下水均衡要素变化解析

doi: 10.16030/j.cnki.issn.1000-3665.202208083

井江楠^{1, 2,},
王文科^{1, 2, ,},
段磊^{1, 2},
马嘉骏^{1, 2},
马稚桐^{1, 2},
石涵月^{1, 2}

1.
长安大学水利与环境学院，陕西西安　710061
2.
教育部旱区地下水与生态效应教育部重点实验室，陕西西安　710061

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目（2018YFC0406504）;国家自然科学重点基金项目（42130710）

详细信息

作者简介:
井江楠（1998-），女，硕士研究生，主要从事旱区地下水文过程与生态效应研究。E-mail：2020129007@chd.edu.cn

通讯作者:
王文科（1962-），男，博士，教授，博士生导师，主要从事旱区地下水文过程与生态效应研究。E-mail：wenkew@chd.edu.cn

中图分类号: P641.8
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-08-31
- 修回日期: 2022-09-22

An analysis of the changes in groundwater balance elements of the Baoding Plain

JING Jiangnan^{1, 2
,},
WANG Wenke^{1, 2
, ,},
DUAN Lei^{1, 2},
MA Jiajun^{1, 2},
MA Zhitong^{1, 2},
SHI Hanyue^{1, 2}

1.
School of Water and Environment, Chang’ an University, Xi’ an, Shaanxi　710061, China
2.
Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education on Groundwater and Ecological Effects in Arid Areas, The Ministry of Education, Xi’ an, Shaanxi　710061, China

摘要

摘要: 随着南水北调工程的实施及地下水压采工作的落实，华北平原局部地下水水位逐步回升，然而地下水均衡要素变化趋势及对生态环境的影响缺乏系统研究。以华北平原典型区域南水北调受水区保定平原为例，采用水均衡法计算地下水补给和排泄项，应用因子分析法分析1975—2019年地下水均衡要素变化的原因，根据最优开采系数法计算地下水可采资源和压采资源量，以此调控保定平原地下水资源的开发利用。结果表明：近40年来，保定平原地下水补给项小于排泄项，呈负均衡状态，主要发生变化的地下水均衡要素有渠灌入渗、渠系渗漏、井灌回归、河道渗漏、降雨入渗和人工开采；影响地下水均衡要素变化的主要因子是人类活动，贡献率为77.2%；地下水补排失衡减缓后地下水水位埋深增幅变小、地下水水位降落漏斗面积逐渐减少、白洋淀湿地面积逐步恢复；确定了保定平原地下水资源的最优开采系数为0.64，地下水可开采资源量的范围为8.89×10⁸ ~11.35×10⁸ m³/a，压采量为2.68×10⁸~5.14×10⁸ m³/a。研究成果为同类地下水开采利用提供了技术指导，也为雄安新区建设提供了地下水生态环境保障。
- 保定平原 /
- 地下水均衡要素 /
- 变化特征 /
- 驱动力 /
- 开采系数
Abstract: With the implementation of the South-North Water Diversion Project and the implementation of groundwater suppression, the local groundwater levels in the North China Plain have gradually rebounded. However, there is a lack of systematic studies of the trends of groundwater balance elements and their impacts on the ecological environment. This paper takes the Baoding Plain, a typical area in the North China Plain, as an example, and uses the water balance method to calculate the groundwater recharge and discharge terms, applies the factor analysis method to analyze the causes of the changes in groundwater balance elements from 1975 to 2019, and calculates the amount of recoverable and suppressed groundwater resources by using the optimal exploitation coefficient method, so as to regulate the groundwater resources development and utilization in Baoding. The results show that in the past 40 years, the groundwater recharge term was smaller than the discharge term in the Baoding Plain, which is in a negative equilibrium state, and the main change elements are canal irrigation infiltration, canal system seepage, well irrigation return, river seepage, rainfall infiltration and artificial exploitation, with the decrease of 88.9%, 89.1%, 81.1%, 12.22%, 26.1% and 32.2%, respectively. The main factor affecting the change of groundwater equilibrium elements is human activity, with a contribution rate of 77.2%. After the groundwater recharge and discharge imbalance is slowed down, the increase of groundwater level burial depth becomes smaller, the area of groundwater level depression cone gradually decreases, and the area of the Baiyangdian wetland gradually recovers. The optimal exploitation coefficient of groundwater resources in the Baoding Plain is determined to be 0.64, the exploitable groundwater resources range from 8.89×10⁸ to 11.35×10⁸ m³/a, and the amount of compression exploitation ranges from 2.68×10⁸ to 5.14×10⁸ m³/a. The research results can provide technical guidance for groundwater extraction and utilization in similar regions, and also provide groundwater ecological environment protection for the construction of the Xiong’an New Area.
- Baoding Plain /
- groundwater balancing elements /
- change characteristics /
- driving force /
- exploitation coefficient

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图 1 研究区水文地质分区及河流水系图

Figure 1. Hydrogeological zoning and river systems in the study area

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图 2 典型剖面岩性变化图（Ⅰ-Ⅰ’）

Figure 2. Lithology in the typical proflie

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图 3 保定平原1975—1985年地下水水位埋深变化

Figure 3. Variation of groundwater levels in the Baoding Plain from 1975 to 1985

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图 4 保定平原1975、2006、2011、2019年地下水水位埋深空间变化图

Figure 4. Spatial variation of groundwater levels in the Baoding Plain in 1975, 2006, 2011 and 2019

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图 5 白洋淀湖泊湿地面积水位变化图

Figure 5. Water level change of the Baiyangdian Lake wetland area

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图 6 1980—2019年研究区内渠首引水量变化

Figure 6. Changes of water diversion volume of the canal head in the study area from 1975 to 2019

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图 7 1975—2019年研究区内不同水文站径流量变化

Figure 7. Runoff variations of different hydrological stations in the study area from 1975 to 2019

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图 8 研究区内耕地面积变化和节水灌溉面积变化图

Figure 8. Changes in arable land area and water-saving irrigation area in the study area

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图 9 1975—2019年研究区内农业灌溉地下水开采量变化图

Figure 9. Changes in groundwater extraction for agricultural irrigation in the study area from 1975 to 2019

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图 10 1975—2019年研究区降雨量变化图

Figure 10. Rainfall variation of the study area from 1975 to 2019

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图 11 研究区内各行政区地下水压采范围图

Figure 11. Groundwater compression exploitation scope of each administrative region in the study area

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表 1 研究区浅层地下水均衡要素及其占比

Table 1. Shallow groundwater balance elements and percentage in the study area

均衡要素		1975年		1985年		2006年		2011年		2019年
均衡要素		数量 /（10⁸ m³·a⁻¹）	占比	数量 /（10⁸ m³·a⁻¹）	占比	数量 /（10⁸ m³·a⁻¹）	占比	数量 /（10⁸ m³·a⁻¹）	占比	数量 /（10⁸ m³·a⁻¹）	占比
补给项	降水入渗	14.66	72.86%	16.95	78.69%	9.13	67.34%	13.56	69.96%	10.83	76.32%
	井灌回归	2.49	12.38%	2.06	9.56%	1.66	12.22%	1.59	8.22%	0.47	3.31%
	渠灌入渗	0.18	0.89%	0.15	0.70%	0.22	1.62%	0.10	0.49%	0.02	0.14%
	渠系渗漏	0.46	2.29%	0.39	1.81%	0.55	4.03%	0.26	1.32%	0.05	0.35%
	河道渗漏	0.57	2.83%	0.45	2.09%	0.42	3.10%	1.79	9.26%	0.5	3.52%
	白洋淀渗漏	0.22	1.09%	0.00	0.00%	0.04	0.31%	0.01	0.06%	0.25	1.76%
	侧向流入	1.54	7.65%	1.54	7.15%	1.54	11.37%	2.07	10.69%	2.07	14.59%
	合计	20.12	100%	21.54	100%	10.17	100%	19.38	100%	14.19	100%
排泄项	侧向流出	0.35	1.65%	0.35	1.28%	1.61	5.13%	1.35	5.18%	1.35	8.78%
	人工开采	20.70	97.37%	27.10	98.02%	29.74	94.87%	24.71	94.82%	14.03	91.22%
	潜水蒸发	0.21	0.99%	0.19	0.70%	/	/	/	/	/	/
	合计	21.26	100%	27.65	100%	31.35	100%	26.06	100%	15.38	100%
地下水储存量的变化量		−1.14		−6.11		−17.19		−6.68		−1.19

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表 2 研究区浅层地下水均衡要素变化

Table 2. Changes of groundwater balance elements of the shallow groundwater in the study area

均衡要素		变幅
均衡要素		1975—1985	1985—2006	2006—2011	2011—2019
补给项	降水入渗	15.62%	−46.14%	48.53%	−20.14%
	井灌回归	−17.27%	−19.54%	−3.86%	−70.50%
	渠灌入渗	−16.67%	46.67%	−56.73%	−78.99%
	渠系渗漏	−15.22%	40.00%	−53.21%	−80.43%
	河道渗漏	−21.05%	−6.67%	327.34%	−72.14%
	白洋淀渗漏	−100.00%	/	−72.00%	2000.84%
	侧向流入	0.00%	0.13%	34.36%	−0.09%
排泄项	侧向流出	1.29%	353.99%	−16.06%	−0.07%
	人工开采	30.92%	9.74%	−16.91%	−43.22%
	潜水蒸发	−7.90%	−100.00%	/	/

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表 3 补给项主要驱动因子特征

Table 3. Initial eigenvalue, contribution rate and cumulative contribution rate of the main driving factors of recharge items

成分	初始特征值	贡献率/%	累积贡献率/%
1	3.818	54.54	54.54
2	1.587	22.66	77.20
3	1.162	16.60	93.80

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表 4 补给项主要驱动因子载荷矩阵

Table 4. Load matrix of the main driving factors of recharge items

均衡要素	成分
均衡要素	1	2	3
降水入渗	0.348	−0.064	0.935
井灌回归	0.906	−0.011	0.295
渠灌入渗	0.957	0.063	−0.309
渠系渗漏	0.957	0.068	−0.277
河道渗漏	−0.131	0.940	−0.039
白洋淀渗漏	−0.448	−0.751	−0.127
侧向流入	−0.919	0.355	0.105

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